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Cushing's syndrome is characterized by excessive levels of cortisol in the body, which can result from various underlying causes, including tumors of the pituitary gland (Cushing's disease), tumors of the adrenal glands, or excess production of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from other sources. The elevated cortisol levels can lead to a range of symptoms, including weight gain, particularly around the abdomen and face (moon face), thinning skin, easy bruising, muscle weakness, and high blood pressure. It is crucial for healthcare professionals to recognize these symptoms and understand the underlying pathophysiology in order to manage and treat the condition effectively.

In contrast, Addison's disease is characterized by inadequate cortisol production due to damage to the adrenal glands, hypopituitarism involves insufficient hormone production from the pituitary gland, and adrenal hyperplasia refers to an enlargement of the adrenal glands typically associated with enzyme deficiencies affecting steroid production. Each of these conditions presents with a set of symptoms and clinical scenarios that are distinct from those seen in Cushing's syndrome.